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Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Oct. 4

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 783.7 million Turkish liras

03.10.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.7% on Oct.2

- Electricity exports amount to 18,406 megawatt-hours and imports total 2,072 megawatt-hours

04.10.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Saturday, Oct. 3

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 778.9 million Turkish liras

02.10.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 1.5% on Oct.1

- Electricity exports amount to 20,316 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,435 megawatt-hours

02.10.2026 Electricity , Finance

Spot market electricity prices for Friday, Oct. 2

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.17 billion Turkish liras

01.10.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.6% on Sept. 30

- Electricity exports amount to 19,937 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,686 megawatt-hours

01.10.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, Oct. 1

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.34 billion Turkish liras

30.09.2026 Electricity

AI, data centers' growing power demand boosts global battery production

- AI-powered data centers' growing energy demand becomes major driver of battery industry growth after electric vehicle revolution, industry expert says

01.10.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 2.6% on Sept. 29

- Electricity exports amount to 20,865 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,140 megawatt-hours

30.09.2026 Electricity

China drives record global nuclear output as generation elsewhere falls

- Global nuclear generation rises 1.1% in 2025, with China's 7.6% increase offsetting decline elsewhere

30.09.2026 Nuclear

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 12.4% on Sept. 28

- Electricity exports amount to 20,994 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,966 megawatt-hours

30.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Tuesday, Sep. 29

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.93 billion liras

28.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 9% on Sept. 27

- Electricity exports amount to 21,336 megawatt-hours and imports total 2,144 megawatt-hours

28.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Monday, Sep. 28

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.57 billion liras

27.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 4.9% on Sept. 26

- Electricity exports amount to 24,572 megawatt-hours and imports total 643 megawatt-hours

28.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Sep. 27

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 870.59 million liras

26.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 1.7% on Sept. 25

- Electricity exports amount to 21,457 megawatt-hours and imports total 553 megawatt-hours

27.09.2026 Electricity

US to support $5.25B in grid upgrades across 26 states

- US Energy Department says accelerated transmission upgrades will help meet rising electricity demand and reduce grid congestion

26.09.2026 Electricity

AI's viral '80s trend brings electricity, water and resource use into focus

- Typical AI-generated image requires around 1,450 times more energy than basic text classification

26.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Saturday, Sep. 26

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.75 billion liras

25.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 1.5% on Sept. 24

- Electricity exports amount to 20,995 megawatt-hours and imports total 959 megawatt-hours

25.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Friday, Sept. 25

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.17 billion Turkish liras

24.09.2026 Electricity

IEA says faster electrification could save energy importers over $500B a year

- Global electrification target would require faster investment in power generation, grids, storage and flexibility

25.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's first offshore wind YEKA project expected to draw $3B investment

- Türkiye's offshore wind plans are drawing interest from European, Chinese and Middle Eastern investors, says Wind Energy Association head

25.09.2026 Electricity , Wind

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.6% on Sept. 23

- Electricity exports amount to 20,214 megawatt-hours and imports total 678 megawatt-hours

24.09.2026 Electricity

UK growth outlook cut as higher energy prices threaten recovery

- Oil stockpiles and supplies from outside Gulf states have so far helped cushion effects on economies, says OECD

24.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, Sept. 24

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.38 billion Turkish liras

23.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 1.73% on Sept. 22

- Electricity exports amount to 20,852 megawatt-hours and imports total 533 megawatt-hours

23.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye to reshape energy system as its renewable targets rise

- Türkiye aims to align grid expansion with rapid renewable growth and launch first offshore wind tender in 2027

24.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Renewble capacity surges as grid bottlenecks leave 2,500 GW awaiting connection

- Renewable capacity must grow 74% faster annually to meet the 2030 target, according to IRENA

24.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Tuesday, Sept. 22

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.29 billion liras

21.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 9.6% on Sept. 20

- Electricity exports amount to 22,148 megawatt-hours and imports total 2,607 megawatt-hours

21.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Monday, Sep. 21

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.36 billion liras

20.09.2026 Electricity

Climate crisis, geopolitical tensions accelerate shift toward alternative fuels

- As geopolitical tensions drive up fuel costs and climate pressures mount, automotive and rail sectors accelerate global shift toward hydrogen and electric transport

22.09.2026 Electricity , Hydro

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 4.7% on Sept. 19

- Electricity exports amount to 22,671 megawatt-hours and imports total 3,004 megawatt-hours

21.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Sept. 20

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.12 billion Turkish liras

19.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 2.7% on Sept. 18

- Electricity exports amount to 21,338 megawatt-hours and imports total 2,097 megawatt-hours

20.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Saturday, Sept. 19

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.84 billion Turkish liras

18.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 1.5% on Sept. 17

- Electricity exports amount to 20,556 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,677 megawatt-hours

18.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Friday, Sep. 18

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.27 billion liras

17.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 0.6% on Sept. 16

- Electricity exports amount to 21,629 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,732 megawatt-hours

19.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, Sept. 17

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.28 billion Turkish liras

16.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.3% on Sept. 15

- Electricity exports amount to 22,237 megawatt-hours and imports total 853 megawatt-hours

17.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye to invest $108B to expand power generation and grid by 2035

- Türkiye aims to expand and modernize its electricity network as electrification and renewable generation accelerate

19.09.2026 Electricity , Finance , Wind , Renewable

Türkiye's licensed power generation down 8.4% in July

- Electricity consumption rises to around 27.6 million megawatt-hours

17.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Wednesday, Sept. 16

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.03 billion Turkish liras

15.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 13% on Sept. 14

- Electricity exports amount to 21,993 megawatt-hours and imports total 409 megawatt-hours

15.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Tuesday, Sept. 15

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.05 billion Turkish liras

14.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's solar, wind shares surge over past decade

- Solar and wind make up nearly quarter of Türkiye's electricity generation

15.09.2026 Electricity , Renewable

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 4.39% on Sept. 12

- Electricity exports amount to 23,761 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,089 megawatt-hours

15.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Sept. 13

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.39 billion Turkish liras

12.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.02% on Sept. 11

- Electricity exports amount to 21,547 megawatt-hours and imports total 494 megawatt-hours

12.09.2026 Electricity

US oil rig count up for week ending Sept. 11

- Number of US oil rigs up by 34 compared to one year ago

12.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Saturday, Sept. 12

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.95 billion Turkish liras

11.09.2026 Electricity

Global clean hydrogen investments reach $130 billion

- Key drivers shaping hydrogen investment vary by region, according to Hydrogen Council's recent report

12.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Low-carbon fuel demand in aviation, shipping boosts biofuel investments

- IEA expects more than 75% of new biofuel demand through 2030 to come from aviation and shipping

12.09.2026 Electricity , Renewable

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 1.34% on Sept. 10

- Electricity exports amount to 22,037 megawatt-hours and imports total 441 megawatt-hours

11.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Friday, Sep. 11

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.77 billion liras

10.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 0.43% on Sep. 9

- Electricity exports amount to 21,066 megawatt-hours and imports total 971 megawatt-hours

10.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, Sep. 10

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.29 billion liras

09.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's 120 GW rooftop solar potential could meet 45% of electricity demand

- Rooftop solar could strengthen energy security by decentralizing power generation and helping maintain electricity supply when centralized systems are disrupted

10.09.2026 Electricity , Solar

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 11.9% on Sep. 8

- Electricity exports amount to 21,181 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,782 megawatt-hours

09.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Wednesday, Sep. 9

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.05 billion liras

08.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 12.3% on Sep. 7

- Electricity exports amount to 20,989 megawatt-hours and imports total 934 megawatt-hours

08.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Tuesday, Sep. 8

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.56 billion liras

07.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye records fastest power demand growth among IEA members

- Rising electricity demand underscores urgent need to strengthen grid, expand flexibility and accelerate renewable energy investments, IEA says

10.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye signs cooperation deal with Danish company to use thorium reserves in nuclear technology

- Cooperation aims to develop thorium compounds in Türkiye for use in molten salt reactor technologies

10.09.2026 Nuclear

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 10.1% on Sept. 6

- Electricity exports amount to 24,309 megawatt-hours and imports total 3,083 megawatt-hours

07.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Monday, Sept. 7

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.58 billion Turkish liras

06.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 4.4% on Sept. 5

- Electricity exports amount to 21,983 megawatt-hours and imports total 3,208 megawatt-hours

06.09.2026 Electricity

IAEA-brokered ceasefire takes effect for power line repairs at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant

- Europe's largest nuclear plant running low on diesel fuel reserves, faces possible station blackout within days, according to IAEA statement

07.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Sep. 6

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.62 billion liras

05.09.2026 Electricity

El Nino threatens to reshape global energy demand, renewables and LNG markets

- Strengthening El Nino could raise electricity and LNG demand while disrupting hydropower and renewable generation across global markets

07.09.2026 Electricity , Renewable

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.5% on Sept. 4

- Electricity exports amount to 22,182 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,342 megawatt-hours

07.09.2026 Electricity , Finance

Spot market electricity prices for Saturday, Sep. 5

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.89 billion liras

04.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.2% on Sept. 3

- Electricity exports amount to 23,262 megawatt-hours and imports total 945 megawatt-hours

04.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Friday, Sept. 4

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.06 billion Turkish liras

03.09.2026 Electricity

Europe installs 8.8 GW new wind power capacity in H126

- Onshore wind accounts for 74% of Europe's new wind capacity in January-June period

04.09.2026 Electricity , Wind

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 0.5% on Sept. 2

- Electricity exports amount to 23,510 megawatt-hours and imports total 905 megawatt-hours

03.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, Sept. 3

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.05 billion Turkish liras

02.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 3.9% on Sept. 1

- Electricity exports amount to 22,528 megawatt-hours and imports total 632 megawatt-hours

03.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Wednesday, Sep. 2

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.34 billion Turkish liras

01.09.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 18.2% on Aug. 31

- Electricity exports amount to 23,528 megawatt-hours and imports total 302 megawatt-hours

02.09.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Tuesday, Sep. 1

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.34 billion liras

31.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 10.1% on Aug. 30

- Electricity exports amount to 24,657 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,463 megawatt-hours

31.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Aug. 31

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.6 billion Turkish liras

30.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 11.3% on Aug. 29

- Electricity exports amount to 21,323 megawatt-hours and imports total 1,638 megawatt-hours

30.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Aug. 30

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.8 billion Turkish liras

29.08.2026 Electricity

Extreme heat and drought expose weaknesses in Europe's power system

- Europe needs to adapt its power system to hotter future with more frequent heat waves and greater demand for flexibility and storage

02.09.2026 Electricity , General

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 3.8% on Aug. 28

- Electricity exports amount to 21,323 megawatt-hours and imports total 802 megawatt-hours

29.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Saturday, Aug. 29

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.7 billion Turkish liras

28.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.1% on Aug. 27

- Electricity exports amount to 22,544 megawatt-hours and imports total 782 megawatt-hours

28.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Friday, Aug. 28

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2 billion Turkish liras

27.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 0.4% on Aug. 26

- Electricity exports amount to 22,708 megawatt-hours and imports total 923 megawatt-hours

27.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, Aug. 27

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.53 billion Turkish liras

26.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 2.2 % on Aug. 25

- Electricity exports amount to 21,540 megawatt-hours and imports total 792 megawatt-hours

27.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Wednesday, Aug. 26

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.71 billion Turkish liras

25.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 14.7 % on Aug. 24

- Electricity exports amount to 22,423 megawatt-hours and imports total 822 megawatt-hours

26.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Tuesday, Aug. 25

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 2.18 billion Turkish liras

24.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 9.3% on Aug. 23

- Electricity exports amount to 25,633 megawatt-hours and imports total 3,408 megawatt-hours

24.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Monday, Aug. 24

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.92 billion Turkish liras

23.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 3.4% on Aug. 22

- Electricity exports amount to 24,348 megawatt-hours and imports total 2,005 megawatt-hours

24.08.2026 Electricity

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Aug. 23

- Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) data shows electricity market trade volume amounts to 1.51 billion Turkish liras

22.08.2026 Electricity

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 0.1% on Aug. 21

- Electricity exports amount to 22,597 megawatt-hours and imports total 729 megawatt-hours

23.08.2026 Electricity

European electrolyzer plants face underutilization as hydrogen demand stalls

- Only a fraction of electrolyzer capacity planned in Europe through 2030 reach final investment decision

23.08.2026 Electricity , Finance

China drives record global nuclear output as generation elsewhere falls

Türkiye signs cooperation deal with Danish company to use thorium reserves in nuclear technology

Hungary's Paks Nuclear Power Plant to shut down for first time in 44 years as Danube water levels plunge

India targets 100 GW nuclear power capacity by 2047

Türkiye says power system strong amid European blackout

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 1.8% on April 26

Türkiye's daily power consumption up 16.7% on May 22

Türkiye's daily power consumption increases 1.2% on May 10

US extends Michigan coal plant operation amid grid reliability concerns

Coal prices surge as Middle East tensions disrupt energy markets

Trump directs Pentagon to purchase coal-fired electricity as he seeks boon for fading industry

Climate change protestors block world’s largest coal export port in Australia

Spot market natural gas prices for Tuesday, Nov. 5

Global natural gas investments to reach almost $9 trillion by 2050

Spot market natural gas prices for Thursday, Jan. 5

Turkish president announces more gas reserves found in Black Sea

Spot market natural gas prices for Saturday, Jul. 4

Spot market natural gas prices for Friday, Jun. 12

Spot market natural gas prices for Thursday, Apr. 9

Spot market natural gas prices for Thursday, Feb. 12

Shell takes final investment decision to double LNG Canada capacity

Global LNG squeeze pushes EU to seek alternative supplies

Türkiye's LPG imports fall 4.6% year-on-year in July

Pakistan receives 1st LNG cargo from Qatar since July

US oil rig count up for week ending Dec. 26

Türkiye to deploy AI in oil and gas exploration

Oil production in Türkiye's eastern region breaks first record in 2024

Oil up in w/e Dec. 15 on demand optimism, central bank interest rate decisions

US drivers continue to face high gasoline prices

Hormuz shipping risks highlight strategic value of oil storage outside chokepoint

US oil rig count falls for week ending April 17

Türkiye, Iraq begin talks on new oil transport deal

US oil rig count up for week ending Sept. 4

Saudi Aramco and Maaden inks deal for mining in Saudi Arabia

Oil majors reap $152.8B in first-half profits as higher prices pressure Trump

US crude oil inventories down 1.5% in week ending June 19

Turbine blades find second life beyond wind, turning waste into infrastructure

Denmark eyes new cooperation with Türkiye in wind energy, efficiency and water management

WindEurope backs Türkiye's focus on electrification at COP31

German turbine manufacturer Nordex invests €70M in Türkiye's wind energy sector

China sends 5,000 solar systems to Cuba amid energy crisis

Türkiye's 120 GW rooftop solar potential could meet 45% of electricity demand

Türkiye's installed electricity capacity surpasses 126 GW

Türkiye's solar power generation hits all-time high in June

Climate crisis, geopolitical tensions accelerate shift toward alternative fuels

Türkiye has 13 GW of investment-ready pumped-storage hydropower potential

Hydropower generation strengthens Türkiye's energy security, cuts import bill by $5B

Global hydropower capacity rises to 1,469 GW as pumped storage hits record level

US selects 21 geothermal projects for $99M in potential funding

Türkiye targets greater use of biomethane to cut emissions and reduce fuel imports

US tech companies turn to geothermal energy to power data centers

Highlights of Türkiye's energy market in 2024

Türkiye's daily power consumption down 1.5% on Oct.1

Eni completes €1.56B Plenitude restructuring and shareholding deal

Trump unveils $200B South Korean investment plan for US energy projects

Denmark eyes new cooperation with Türkiye in wind energy, efficiency and water management

WindEurope backs Türkiye's focus on electrification at COP31

OPEC+ agrees to extend group-wide output cuts into 2025

Libya Energy & Economic Summit 2024 to kick off in Tripoli

OPEC+ countries announce daily voluntary output cuts by 2.2 million barrels

Brazil joins OPEC+ as group confirms 3.6 million barrels per day output cut

Spot market electricity prices for Sunday, Dec. 3

ExxonMobil drills first lithium well in Arkansas in aim to become major player in EV sector

Spot market electricity prices for Thursday, June 8

High rollout of electric vehicles could earn UK drivers £6.5B more by 2035

Spot market natural gas prices for Friday, Dec. 1

Turkey's daily power consumption down 0.77% on Oct. 23

Russian Lukoil starts Chashkino gas-turbine power plant

Gazprom posts 26% loss in 1H20

Türkiye to invest $108B to expand power generation and grid by 2035

Türkiye targets greater use of biomethane to cut emissions and reduce fuel imports

Türkiye's solar, wind shares surge over past decade

Energy security concerns drive Europe, Asia toward renewable energy

Türkiye's LPG production up 12.4% in March

Türkiye's LPG production down 4.3% in December 2024

Türkiye's LPG production down 25% in April 2024

Türkiye's LPG production up 15% in December 2023

Yemeni Coast Guard intercepts oil tanker after ‘unauthorized’ delivery to Houthi-held port

Libya’s unity government dismantles cell behind drone attacks on vital energy facilities

Strait of Hormuz blockade brings energy crisis to Europe